Dr Kernoff and others published "High risk of non-A non-B hepatitis after a first exposure to volunteer or commercial clotting factor concentrates: effects of prophylactic immune serum globulin". It showed there was a near 100% risk of hepatitis for first treatment with factor concentrates and that NHS concentrates were little better. The study followed patients between 1978-1983 when pool sizes used in the NHS were growing exponentially.