The GMC published its first specific guidance on consent in November 1998: Seeking patients' consent: the ethical considerations. Read more about The GMC published its first specific guidance on consent in November 1998: Seeking patients' consent: the ethical considerations.
The Medical Defence Union's memorandum Consent To Treatment began with a quotation from a 1912 decision by the US courts: "No amount of professional skill can justify the substitution of the will of the surgeon for that of his patient". Read more about The Medical Defence Union's memorandum Consent To Treatment began with a quotation from a 1912 decision by the US courts: "No amount of professional skill can justify the substitution of the will of the surgeon for that of his patient".
The Medical Defence Union's guidance on Consent to Operative Treatment noted that the patient "should be given a fair and reasonable explanation, in non-technical language, of the effect and nature of the operation...If the operation contemplated carries special risks, which are probably unknown to the patient, he should, as a general rule, be informed of these risks". Read more about The Medical Defence Union's guidance on Consent to Operative Treatment noted that the patient "should be given a fair and reasonable explanation, in non-technical language, of the effect and nature of the operation...If the operation contemplated carries special risks, which are probably unknown to the patient, he should, as a general rule, be informed of these risks".
Medical Ethics Today: Its Practice and Philosophy referred to the relationship between doctor and patient as: "based on the concept of partnership and collaborative effort...the basic premise is that treatment is undertaken as a result of patients being actively involved in deciding what is to be done to them". Read more about Medical Ethics Today: Its Practice and Philosophy referred to the relationship between doctor and patient as: "based on the concept of partnership and collaborative effort...the basic premise is that treatment is undertaken as a result of patients being actively involved in deciding what is to be done to them".
An amended version of the Handbook of Medical Ethics was published and added regarding consent that "Doctors offer advice but it is the patient who decides whether or not to accept the advice. Read more about An amended version of the Handbook of Medical Ethics was published and added regarding consent that "Doctors offer advice but it is the patient who decides whether or not to accept the advice.
The BMA published its Handbook of Medical Ethics which expressly addressed consent to treatment: "Consent is valid when freely given if the patient understands the nature and consequences of what is proposed. Assumed consent or consent obtained by undue influence is valueless." Read more about The BMA published its Handbook of Medical Ethics which expressly addressed consent to treatment: "Consent is valid when freely given if the patient understands the nature and consequences of what is proposed. Assumed consent or consent obtained by undue influence is valueless."
The British Medical Association published guidance entitled Medical Ethics which described the relationship between a doctor and their patient "as that of absolute confidence and mutual respect." Read more about The British Medical Association published guidance entitled Medical Ethics which described the relationship between a doctor and their patient "as that of absolute confidence and mutual respect."
The BMA published a revised ethics handbook - Philosophy & Practice of Medical Ethics. This discussed consent, and the underlying ethical principles, in more detail than previous handbooks. Read more about The BMA published a revised ethics handbook - Philosophy & Practice of Medical Ethics. This discussed consent, and the underlying ethical principles, in more detail than previous handbooks.
Professor Pier Manucci wrote in The Lancet that desmopressin could be "a promising pharmacological alternative to plasma concentrates in the management of some patients with haemophilia and vWd." Read more about Professor Pier Manucci wrote in The Lancet that desmopressin could be "a promising pharmacological alternative to plasma concentrates in the management of some patients with haemophilia and vWd."
Early in the Second World War, Dr Edwin Cohn had developed ways of separating plasma into separate protein fractions, by treating whole blood with anticoagulant, separating off the plasma, and "fractionating" the plasma under varying conditions of acidity and proportions of ethanol so as to separate one fraction of it from another. Read more about Early in the Second World War, Dr Edwin Cohn had developed ways of separating plasma into separate protein fractions, by treating whole blood with anticoagulant, separating off the plasma, and "fractionating" the plasma under varying conditions of acidity and proportions of ethanol so as to separate one fraction of it from another.