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Better Use of Blood in Northern Ireland in Northern Ireland was updated in 2009 and 2011.

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All clinicians, both junior doctors and consultants, are now required to keep up to date with medical developments via continuous professional development. Medical staff are required by the GMC to undergo annual appraisal which is linked to revalidation.

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A witness, when making it clear she was concerned about having a blood transfusion, was told 'You have nothing to worry about as all the blood is now heat treated.' and then went on to be infected with Hepatitis C.

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Additional testing for Hepatitis B infections was agreed in 2021.

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Tranexamic acid was invented in the early 1960s.

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In 2021 the National Comparative Audit of Blood Transfusion programme found that the NICE Quality Standards on tranexamic acid are not being complied with: such compliance would probably prevent "over 15,000 major surgical bleeds, save 33,000 units of blood and save many millions of pounds for the NHS each year.".

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The 2023 audit of the NICE Quality Standards produced near identical results to the 2021 audit on tranexamic acid.

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Dr Williamson formed a small working group of hospital and transfusion consultants to investigate the risks associated with blood transfusions; including transfusion transmitted infections

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Set up in 1996, SHOT is a haemovigilance scheme which collects and analyses adverse events and reactions related to blood transfusions in the UK.

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Implementation of electronic transfusion systems in the UK has been "patchy".

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Professor John Fairclough described that "Blood to a surgeon was like a medication in that you were aware of need but assumed its safety".

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Professor WIlliam Ribbans told to the Inquiry that topping up blood with two units was customary for some general and orthopaedic surgeons.

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The SHOT annual report recorded 2 transfusion-transmitted infections for 2022.

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The most recent annual report for Systematic Reviews Initiative activities, covering the period of October 2022 to October 2023, demonstrates that it has contributed to 20 international and national guidelines.

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NICE issued a Quality Standard which reads: "People who may need or who have had a transfusion are given verbal and written information about blood transfusion."

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In 2001 the CMO's National Blood Transfusion Committee was established in England.

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Dr Archibald Prentice said in his written statement "I knew the risk of Hepatitis B as I was exposed to it as a Senior Registrar. A contaminated bag of platelets from a Hep B positive donor had burst ... in the late 1970s ... One of my colleagues had been sprayed by plasma from a Hepatitis B positive patient and became very sick with Hepatitis B."

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Dr Prentice, who was a consultant haematologist in Plymouth from 1981 described efforts to reduce the use of blood by surgeons wherever possible and to persuade colleagues to use saline instead of blood products for hypo-volaemic or shocked patients.

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Dr Archibald Prentice's concern about over use of blood led to a reduction in usage of blood and blood products in operations by around 25%.

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The UK became one of the first countries to establish truly national haemovigilance through SHOT.

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